dos.dos Complications with existing studies
Since dowry are legitimately banned into the Asia and Bangladesh, individuals usually think twice to reveal accurate dowry wide variety. The standard question towards the dowry throughout the Indian dataset requires regarding community-depending dowry. Including, brand new India People Advancement Questionnaire asks “Fundamentally in your neighborhood to own a household instance yours, which are the kind of issues that are supplied given that presents in the course of brand new daughter’s wedding?” A residential area-established dowry isn’t the identical to a single dowry, that’s paid because of the bride’s parents during the time of matrimony. Alternatively, the question off dowry lets just a binary address, i.elizabeth., regardless of if a confident amount of dowry is paid down (elizabeth.g., Survey into Status of females and Virility in India and Pakistan). A binary address, without a doubt, does not bring much more details. Typical away from if or not a positive dowry matter is offered corresponds to help you, and that’s mostly explained by, cultural, religious, and you may caste experiences when you look at the South Asia.
Because the dowry is not lawfully blocked during the Pakistan, the quantity really paid off from the women respondent’s moms and dads is questioned in place of booking into the a beneficial Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Family Survey. Even in the event Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully hide true information regarding dowry strategies, the latest survey will get still include recall errors because the participants have to recall the newest dowry matter paid off by the the mothers in the past. Profile 1a plots of land the brand new predicted amount of actual dowry thinking mentioned in the Pakistani Rupees during the 2004 to marriage season having fun with studies out of the fresh new Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire. As the consensus is that genuine dowry wide variety was increasing, or at least exhibit a non-decreasing trend, the latest figure suggests the entire tendency off bear in mind problems. This means that, brand new offered new pit within interviewees’ matrimony and bear in mind go out, the much more likely he’s to help you overestimate this new dowry matter.
Dating ranging from women’s ounts. The new line suggests the brand new predicted genuine quantity of dowry regressed toward ladies marriage season. The newest shady urban area suggests 95% depend on period of your predict number of dowry. The details resources of (a) and you may (b) was Pakistan Outlying Family Survey 2004, as well as the outlying domestic questionnaire presented by writer in 2013, respectively
3 Analysis
Towards the best of our very own knowledge, study gathered inside investigation certainly are the basic to adopt clearly a general tendency to overestimate a price paid off extended ago. Just as the features of prior to now built-up analysis, ours also are retrospective; however, based on that it desire, we such as then followed certain work to minimize questionnaire recall errors. Instance, i requested the amount of one another society-founded dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry amount paid in the course of new respondent’s wedding (retrospective). Due to the fact Pakistani dowry consists of silver/jewelry, gowns, chairs, cooking equipment, and so on, we queried dowry quantity from the goods. If we noticed a great respondent’s overestimation of dowry count, especially in possible out of a married relationship one to occurred a beneficial long-time ago, once the dowry try shown, we could and you will did evaluate such numbers which have those who went to brand new service. Thus, all of our data to the predicted genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t show one decreasing trend, however with men and women claimed within the Fig. 1a.
3.step 1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample amerikanske datingsider for Portugisisk damer corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).